![]() The Second Republic died with a whimper, and the Second French Empire announced itself with fanfare. The National Assembly was kept, but its power was severely diminished. The Constitution was retained the notion of President was replaced by “Emperor,” and the right of rule was established on a hereditary basis. In late November, a new plebiscite was held, the result of which made Louis-Napoleon Emperor. On 9 October 1852, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte made his famous speech in Bordeaux, where he proclaimed that “the Empire is Peace.” He promised that a revival of the French Empire would not signify an agenda of expansionism like that of his uncle before but an opportunity to modernize France by hastening its industrialization and improving its infrastructure. ![]() All were put aside, and a new constitution that gave immense power to the president was established. Louis-Napoleon spent 1852 consolidating his power and crushing various opposition movements: Royalists, Republicans, Socialists. In addition, the House of Orléans, relatives of the late king Louis-Philippe I, was exiled from the country. In addition, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte held a plebiscite to legitimize his hold on power, declaring himself president for ten renewable years and banning symbols of republicanism from schools and universities.
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